Concept of collective identity

Concept of collective identity Introduction: Although the concept of collective identity is a post-colonial phenomenon, a few nations would describe themselves under a collective identity before the modern times. In fact, Europe is historically unique in terms that it has been the people living in the continent of Europe who have persistently described themselves as Europeans since the 17th Century (Pagden, 2002). Indeed, European Union emerged as the most important attempt for creating a supranational entity in the Continent and the best example of a Pan-European common identity as even the words Europe and the European Union are being used as synonyms by millions of people every day. Nevertheless, an uncertainty of a common identity has always been the case for Europeans throughout history and the physical as well as social borders of Europe has never been distinctly known for centuries which are full of wars, confrontation competition and blood. Today, the same problem continues to exist and many believe that it is the major factor blocking the efforts for achieving a fully integrated Europe, as the definition and frontiers of a common European identity is still unknown. Indeed, one of the most important issues of the European integration from a socio-political perspective is the vague concept of a common European identity including prospects of European Union Citizenship. Although a common European identity has been long around for centuries, these are fairly new issues in relevance to the half a century long history of todays European Union. However, I believe how the common European identity is defined is very important for the future steps of the European integration project, as nowadays the EU is undergoing transformation towards a political union with an aim to become a global actor in the international political arena. What shall be the elements of a common European identity, how shall it be formulized if it is to bec ome a successful construct which would define Europe correctly to end the efforts that lasted for such a long time? I believe a triumphant common European identity must include the concrete and symbolic realities and it must be rooted to the diversity of cultures which had been created by the long history of Europe (DAppollonia, 2002). Otherwise, if it remains as a form of thin identity suggested by Habermas (2006), the problems and uncertainties of European identity as well as the poorly functioning European Union citizenship is most likely to exist in the Unions foreseeable future. In fact, a common European identity can only be successfully constructed by taking into account all the ambiguities, contradictions and developments in form of a unity in diversity principle which can be applied to the reality of Europe rather than building a shallow and artificial construct as it seems to be today. Theoretically, a united Europe in political terms is made possible if a united Europe in cultural terms is established through formulating a collective common identity which may only be conceived as a coll ection of multiple and complex values created by complicated dynamics of Europes long history. Nevertheless, a united Europe in cultural terms shall not mean to enforce a homogenous and strictly ordered European society; rather the European identity shall celebrate Europes long tradition of diversity. Another important question is how should European Union citizenship be defined and what should be the frontiers of cultural implications of such a political formulation. Considering the wide cultural diversity and long history that the individual members of the European Union had share in the European continent, a collective identity may prove to be far too complex to construct, so one may argue that a common European identity is still an illusion. Although Europeans have a successfully formed a common economic and increasingly political union, they are still far away from the desired level of cultural unity and a common identity which seems to be an alarming factor for the next stages of the European integration. Nonetheless, European Union citizenship is an area open to developments and it might be used as a critically important tool by the European Union leaders to accumulate a common European identity, only if it is formulized correctly. The critical point on the debate of Europe an Union citizenship is that the dominant Classical Model of Citizenship is based on the structures of nation-state and that is why this model cannot be applied to the European Union, as it is a whole different level of organization which cannot be compared to a nation-state. On the other hand, Post-National citizenship is a modern approach to the issue of European identity and my evaluation shows that it is a feasible solution suitable for todays Europe in order to reach its goals of unification and deepening through building a stronger common identity in the 21st Century. This paper is organized in several sections. European identity from a historical perspective is analyzed in the first part; nationalist responses to the current status of European identity and the issue of national identities in contrast to the common European identity is discussed in the following part; a new European identity and suggestions for a new understanding of common European identity is suggested in the third part; a brief history of European Union efforts and progress on building a common identity is examined in the fourth part; the current status of European Union Citizenship is discussed in the fifth part and finally, Post-National citizenship as a model for European Union citizenship is proposed in the last part of this paper. After all, this paper argues that a common identity in form of a collective European identity is clearly necessary for the Union at this stage of integration, and it is a crucial element for the future of the European integration project especially as our world is getting smaller as well as more fragmented simultaneously due to the complex dynamics of international relations every day at the age of globalization. European citizenship is very much connected to the issue of European identity and it is the key to achieving such a strong common and collective identity when it is formulized as a Post-National phenomenon. The Europeans must derive their power from the diversity of their cultures by building a thick identity for Europe rather than a thin identity which consists of merely political rights; yet the Europeans shall not overlook the uniqueness of the Continent and the similarities they share in comparison to the rest of the world emphasized by the Unity in Diversity principle. Today, it is time for the Europeans to unite under one roof in socio-political terms, complete the long standing task of defining the boundaries of the European civilization by establishing a common and collective European identity in order to carry on the progress of the European integration project in a globalized world. Nonetheless, the question of possibilities of the Europeans to achieve such a high level of cultural as well as political unity remains a question and it is subject to a whole different level of research. However, often seen as a regional product of globalization itself, I believe the European integration project cannot progress any further without achieving a common European identity which is more critical than ever today in order to overcome the challenges of globalization in the 21st Century. What is Identity? Identity has always been a problematic concept because it is uncertain, fluid and highly flexible. Identity is the way to define ones self and to differentiate from the others. If taken literally, identity means equal; identical. Identity is not static but dynamic, and it can be defined in different ways in different circumstances. Identity is construct, which cannot be constructed immediately but only in time. It is not a fixed, constant and pre-given entity; while identity formation is heavily dependent on how one is perceived by the others. Identification implies belonging or membership, in turn which implies the exclusion of non-members (Bretherton Vogler, 1999: 236). In other words, the sole purpose of identity is to separate self from the other in a sense. Moreover, identities are multiple in nature, or even kaleidoscopic. A person may have a single identity, but it will be made up of many levels of loyalty and identification (Von Benda-Beckmann Verkuyten, 1995: 18). Meanwhil e, identities change, because they are based on perceptions, which themselves change over time and environment; as it is possible to identify ones self with more than one thing at a time such as class and gender, or religion and age. Therefore there are various elements of ones identity and which operate at different levels and these various elements in an identity may well be contradictory (Von Benda-Beckmann Verkuyten, 1995: 12). On the other hand, a collective identity means the attitudes, which all members of that group have in common in their thoughts and behavior; which differentiates them from the other (Munch, 2001: 137). Collective identities can provide existential meaning for people, thus they are primary means of unity in a society which give additional stability especially during periods of upheaval. Collective identities can generate a degree of continuity between individuals and their social environment, and can provide social recognition and approval (Von Benda-Beckmann Verkuyten, 1995: 24). Therefore, collective identities are defined mainly by culture from a historical point of view rather than biological genes, ethnicity, nationalism or simple political rights. Finally, they are used to construct community and feelings of cohesion and holism, a concept to give the impression that all individuals are equal in the imagined community (Strath, 2002: 387). From the perspective of political scienc e; there are two types of political identities: a civic identity and a cultural identity. The cultural definition of political identity entails a sense of belonging of an individual towards a particular group which can mostly defined by its uniform cultural or ethnic values. On the other hand, the civic definition of political identity involves with the identification of an individual mostly in form of citizenry with a political structure, which includes political institutions, rights, duties and rules (Bruter, 2004: 26). Therefore, a cultural European identity implies a reference to Europe as a continent, a civilization and a cultural entity whereas a civic European identity implies a reference to the political and institutional aspects of European Union identity largely in the form of EU citizenship. European Identity throughout History: Europe has always been more of a mental construct than a geographical or social entity (Lowenthal, 2000: 314). Europe has no natural frontiers both in geographic and sociological terms. Therefore it had never been easy to acquire a singular definition of European identity because the borders of Europe had always been dynamic, and no one knew where Europe started and Europe ended (Pagden, 2002). A European identity is an abstraction and a fiction without essential proportions (Strath, 2002: 387). The concept of a European identity is an idea expressing artificial notions of unity rather than an identity of equality. In this sense, the concept of European identity is inscribed in a long history of political reflection on the concept of Europe. From the perspective of history, Europe has been united as a singular entity in various settings for a number of times in its past such as the Roman Empire, the Holy Roman Empire, the Napoleonic Empire, and arguably the Nazi Third Reich. However, identity was only conceptualized as a macro-level collective phenomenon by the intellectual elites of Europe; on the other hand, for the rural masses of Europe, identity was a local term associated with the micro-level, rarely the nation and never an incident as large as the continent of Europe (Pagden, 2002). In different period of history, a common European identity had been defined on different basis. In the Middle Ages, Christianity was the main defining characteristic of European identity, whereas in modern times, the emergence of the nation state, periods of nationalism and afterwards democracy and secularism has been the common characteristic of the Europeans. Meanwhile, Christianity lost its dominance yet it arguably remained as one of the important components of European identity. Today, the European Union similar to the continent of Europe can be characterized by overlapping and unclear boundaries. From a geographical perspective, the EU has fuzzy boundaries due to the ongoing enlargement processes since the 1970s (Risse, 2003: 490). Although the geographical borders of Europe are not objectively defined particularly in the East, a state without a geographical relevance to the European continent cannot become a part of the European Union, even if it shares the EUs collective values and norms. Moreover what adds to the uncertainty of Europes borders is that boundaries of the EU may change according to different policy fields such as the Schengen includes the non EU member Norway but at the same time it does not include the EU member state the United Kingdom. Therefore, before anything else the lack of solid geographical boundaries weaken efforts of the EU to be seen as a singular entity by its own people (Castano, 2004). Meanwhile, the geographic boundaries of Europe have suffered dramatic changes within time and even the recent years provide an image of changing boundaries in Europe considering the reunification of Germany, the break-up of Yugoslavia and collapse of the Soviet Union. Therefore, Europe cannot be defined solely as a geographical space. On the contrary, Europe cannot be defined in cultural space either, unless European culture is associated with the Continents long history of diversity itself. Indeed, diversity shall be the main characteristic of European identity from a cultural point of view. Religious and cultural heritages including Roman law, political democracy, parliamentary institutions, Renaissance humanism, rationalism, romanticism characterize the common identity of the Europeans (Smith, 1992). On the other hand, there are undeniable socioeconomic, cultural, national and ethnic differences among the member states of the European Union. Nevertheless, the motto of the EU, unity in diversity, reflects this fact from a positive point of view and proposes a common identity for Europeans based on their peaceful diversity as a fundamental character of the European society at large. A collective political culture is an important feature of the common European identity. The Greeks gave Europe the science and philosophy and the Romans gave it the idea of single continent and unity which created Europes strong cultural and political origins. The diverse and multiple cultures of the ancient Europe shared a single identity as they were brought together under a common system of Roman law. The people of Europe also shared a common language, Latin, and after Europe slowly converted to Christianity they acquired a common religion as well. Christianity has been a crucial part of the European identity and it played a key role to create its internal cohesion and to designate its relationship with the rest of the world. Further references are made to Europes identity besides its heritage of Greco-Roman civilization and Christianity; such as the ideas of the Enlightenment, Science, Reason, Progress, Industrialization, Democracy and Individualization as the core elements of th is claimed European legacy (Wintle, 1996: 13-16). Hellenism, Romanticism, welfare society and cross-fertilization of diversity can be added to this list (Garcia, 1993: 7-9), while one may argue that Europes core values include its commitments to an undivided continent, to individual freedom, and to the universalism of humanity (Havel, 1996). However, this unity never reached to the point of sharing a common European culture up to this point in history of the Continent. In fact, a single body of citizenry or a common cultural identity could not be reached even in the peak of Europes history of unity and solidarity. When the differences within Europe are emphasized, they are often in the form of unity in diversity; religious differences such as Catholic, Protestant and Orthodox Christianity, and linguistic differences including Romance, Germanic and Slavic languages are obvious; yet they are seen as correlated, Catholic-Romance, Protestant-Germanic, Orthodox-Slavic, and essentially are underlying the major ethnic cleavages and conflicts in the history of Europe (Wintle, 1996). Anthony Smith is among the scholars who are skeptical of the possibility of a common European identity because they could not find a common culture across the European continent, and even more critically they claim that Europe lacks of a shared set o f myths, experience and symbols; these elements which they find crucial to create post-national identity (Smith, 1992: 72-73). Furthermore, Europe lacks of a shared historical and cultural content as which is the largest source of division among Europeans. Other obstacles to a common European identity include linguistic diversity and its tripartite religious division. In fact, a major difference among EU countries is the persistence of linguistic diversity, even though in practical level English has become the dominant language in Europe. Language does not only have an instrumental but also an emotional dimension and peoples sense of nationality is often tied up with their mother tongue (Guibernau, 2001: 192). Finally, confrontation, wars and the effort to establish clear differences between peoples of the continent dominate the history of Europe, which is the exact opposite of what the European Union seeks to achieve today. On the other side of the debate, scholars such as Michael Wintle are more optimistic on the possibility of creating a European identity. Indeed, the existence of the EU identity in the form of converging education standards, educational exchanges, and the organization of a European civil society is already established in most parts of Europe. Wintle argues that a European identity was previously already created during the high Middle Age (Wintle, 1996: 19-22), and it can be easily established today considering the forces of globalization. For now, the major success of the EU in fostering its identity has been limited with the increasing free movement of people across European borders, which has accelerated since the 1985 and formalized in 1990 Schengen accords parallelly correlated with the rising impact of globalization. Increased interaction among peoples of Europe would also encourage cultural exchanges and this could foster a stronger sense of a shared community. Education and hi gh culture shall play a key role in European Unions cultural policy which has critical importance for building a thick European identity, because these two factors have an important effect on the creation as well as promotion of the EU identity. Education is obviously one of the crucial dimensions in any attempt to develop the future identity of the EU or at least more understanding and convergence among Europeans; high culture unites Europeans against the low culture which separates them. After all, the development of the EU identity will be the outcome of a long process in which bottom-up as well as top-down initiatives are likely to be employed (Guibernau, 2001: 183-184). The idea of Europe as well as the identity of Europeans are constructed over time with processes of contention and bargaining. Gerard Delanty argues that a European Culture is not an entity with cohesion and fixed boundaries, but a floppy concept, with no clear borders and with internal opposition and contradictions, discursively shaped in contentious social bargaining processes (Delanty, 1995; 1999). In other words, the images of Europe do not exist as a natural phenomenon but are discursively shaped by internal as well as external forces (Strath, 2002). A basic step in the process of creating a collective identity is to defining itself in relation to the other. Central to ones identifications are images of others. Likewise any identity, European identity necessarily contains an element of separation from the non-European. The boundaries of Europe can only be drawn and the identity of Europe can only be realized in the mirror of others. Indeed, Europe does not exist without non-Euro pe and that non-Europe does not exist without Europe (Wintle, 1996). Many centuries ago, the Europeans defined people living in the north as uncivilized and people living in the south as oriental (Pagden, 2002). Furthermore, the Greeks labeled the non-Greek speaking people as barbarians, even if that word would surely have a different meaning by that time. In nearer times, although the Russians shared many features with a European society including the same religion, it could not reach the formal limits of a Romanized civilization thus perceived as a barbaric empire or the orient, depending on the time. Moreover, European belief of its superiority relied on the common features of European societies such as science and liberal arts. Thus the rest of the world could only be portrayed as actors in relation to Europe, in other words always remained as the other. According to Delanty, Europe has been always invented and reinvented on the basis of division and strategy for the construction of difference from the other starting from Christian identity against Islam in the Middle-Ages, after that in the colonial politics to the New World, and to the ethnic minorities in the contemporary European Union (Delanty, 1995). Therefore, historical experience suggests that the new European identity may be constructed on the other which may be the United States, the East, Islam or the European past itself. Samuel Huntington has argued that religion provides the best common means of historically distinguishing between Europeans and the other, especially in terms of the confrontation between the Judeo-Christian tradition and Islam (Huntington, 1996). However, at the same time, the separation between Eastern Orthodox Christianity and Western variations of Christianity has, for a long time, been crucial in establishing a division between Western and Eastern E urope; partially reinforced in the Cold War, divisions between Catholicism and Protestantism and separation between North and South (Guibernau, 2001). Therefore, history shows that peoples of Europe has been united against peoples of other civilizations at times such as global upheaval and wars while at other times Europeans get divided and separated due to the face that they may perceive the other internally. Today, the European Union is frequently argued to be a fortress for the other and the EU is often referred to as a Christian Club, because historically all states on the continent of Europe had Christian societies. The Ottoman Empire was the greatest enemy of European states as well as Christianity in the Middle Ages; which made Islam the primary characteristic of the other for Europeans from the perspective of history. Today, the accession dialogues of Turkey into the European Union raise wide public opposition in Europe while the European Union officials make constant efforts to prove their allegiance to non-religious, non-ethnic but solely liberal and non discriminatory Copenhagen Criteria independent from historical aspects of the other which has actually been extensively used to define the European identity. Finally, Europe is unique because it has possessed an identity as a cultural space which gave birth to political unions throughout its history; however, it has never succeeded to constitute a single nation-state or a unified ethnic group. Although the European Union with its single currency and supranational political and legal institutions changed these historical facts to an extent, it is only possible with the means of a common European identity which will carry Europe to the next stage of integration that it always aimed but failed to achieve during its long history. Nevertheless, history has already proved that it will surely be hard to overcome uncertainties of a common European identity at the level of the masses. Over the past millennium, the advancements of European civilization gave rise to the elites living on the continent of Europe who feel increasingly attached to Europe as a whole and shared dreams of a united continent. However, Europe as a realm sharing a common history as well as a common destiny has been largely abandoned by fixed prejudices on often nationalistic and ethnic grounds. National interests and biases at local, national, and global levels have prevented the masses of European people from viewing themselves collectively (Lowenthal, 2000: 315). However today, forces of globalization, advancements in communications technologies and popular culture now promote the sense of being European among larger segments of society other than the European elites. Although a truly trans-European society is still far away, many of its essential elements are already in place this time largely due to the forces of globalization. Most European states are increasingly democratic; their econo mies are for the most part market driven; their popular culture grows more homogeneous as communication technologies expand under the forces of globalization in the 21st Century (Waterman, 1999: 23). Therefore, Europe is at the stage of defining its identity today; however which criteria are being deployed to define Europe, Europeans, Europeanness and their respective boundaries is critically important. A common European identity must be constructed by defining and understanding the historical roots of outstanding features of the European society in relation to the notion of citizenship, which will be discussed in depth in the following parts of this paper; developed in the past over the land of Europe. For sure, Europe is being redefined as a result of a complex set of processes, but an important question is what sort of Europe is emerging from them? Nationalist Responses to European Identity: There is certainly a structured symmetry in the perception of the European Union as the coincidence of a homogenized socio-political space, a unified regulatory space of an EU super-state, a singular European civil society surpassing existing national and regional differences in culture and identity (Hudson, 2000). In some respects there has been progress towards such an ideal of European common European cultural and a trans-national civil society. For example, the Council of Europe and the European Convention on Human Rights have had an important role in defining acceptable standards across Europe. The issue of European identity and the criteria used to denote Europeans is clearly a critical one for the political and social integrity of the European Union. Europe will exist as an unquestionable political community only when European identity permeates peoples lives and daily existence (Demos 1998). Identity is a key issue which is continuously changing and thats the reason why it is so hard to define especially in a world of fast changes in the 21st Centurys globalization. The member states of todays enlarged EU have become multi-ethnic and multi-cultural societies with various structural phenomenon ranging from the immigrant community of France to Post-Communist yet ethnic communities of the Central and Eastern European states. As the EU expanded eastwards in the last two rounds of enlargements, the issue of defining a European identity became even more critical for sake of integrity and stability of the Union. One conception of a singular European identity would see it constructed through a process similar to that involved in the creation of national identities in the 19th and the 20th Centuries. Ironically, while the aim was to create those national identities in the past, the challenge that Europeans face today would be to transcend them for the creation of a trans-national understanding of Europeannes. However, the current trends at local European level are quite different from the interests of Europeanists at the supranational level. There are pressures from nation-states and their citizens to resist any further transfer of national sovereignty as well as erosion of national identity (Hudson, 2000). In fact, the success of extreme right wing political parties in important European countries such as Austria and France in recent years may be seen as a sign of the reappearance of dangerous nationalist and racist ambitions which the peoples of Europe have most probably experienced more tha n any other continent in the world history. Eric Hobsbawm has proclaimed that nationalism is dead (Hobsbawm, 1990). On the contrary, Llobera argues that national identities are certainly not eternal, but the time of their demise has not yet arrived (Llobera, 2003). In fact, national identities are still dominant in Europe as recent Eurobarometer surveys show that people in Europe prefer maintaining their national identity and sovereignty; but increasing number of people have accepted European identity in addition to their national identities. Therefore, European nationalism is another important component of a common European identity and it has been a major ideological tool for unifying nation states as well as the Europeans as a whole throughout Europes history. To start with, the European Union, with its both intergovernmental and supranational characteristics represents a far different type of state-organization than a classical nation state. The main distinguishing characteristics of the EU from the nation-state are the ab sence of a shared language, a uniform media, common education system and most importantly a central state structure (Shore, 2000: 64). Furthermore, the powers of the EU rely on the sharing of sovereignty of its member states which may often have conflicting national interests. Indeed, the European integration project has mainly served as a tool for progressively limiting individual nation-states to practice any kind of harmful nationalism and this makes up an important part of the European identity. At this point, nationalist Euroskeptics may argue that building a common Europe and an identity for it means destroying nations. However, a general feeling of Europeanness and loyalty to Europe in a cultural sense, does not need to conflict with national identities (Andreani, 1999). A successful construct of European identity must include the concrete and symbolic realities created within history of the Continent but exclude nationalist ambitions of the past. Surely, the European states have not always been nationalist through Europes long history. The definition of nationalism counts on the idea of nation and territory; while the definition of a European nationalism depends on the historical and ideological evolution of the European nation states and aspirations for a post-national Europe. In fact, the aspirations that underlie in the roots of the foundation of the European Union are parallel to European cosmopolitanism in the 18th and the 19th centuries. From the Enlightenment to the beginning of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) after the Second World War; European nationalism found two separate meanings: one as an antinational Pan-European idea of a new united Europe that limits the sovereignty of the nation states, and the other as a pro-national ideology to create or legitimate new nation states (DAppollonia, 2002). Historically, cosmopolitanism reflected intentions for a European unity, and gave rise to anti-national European nationalism. European nationalism was characterized by the will to protect the European interests and its supremacy from non-Europeans as well as protecting Europe from itself by creating a federation. It can be argued that economic development, comme

Lorraine Hansberrys A Raisin In The Sun - The Importance of the Strug

The Importance of the Struggle in A Raisin in the Sun      Ã‚   â€Å"Why do some people persist despite insurmountable obstacles, while others give up quickly or never bother to try† (Gunton 118)? A Raisin in the Sun, a play by Lorraine Hansberry, is a commentary on life and our struggle to comprehend and control it. The last scene in the play between Asagai and Beneatha contrasts two contemporary views on why we keep on trying to change the future, and reaches the conclusion that, far from being a means to an end, the real meaning of life is the struggle. Whether we succeed or not, our lives are purposeful only if we have tried to make the world a better place for ourselves and others- only, in other words, if we follow our dreams.    Many self-described realists dismiss this attitude as naive and unrealistic, that finding value in the pursuit of dreams is merely a self-induced delusion. Often, this perspective is obtained after much bitter suffering for little or no apparent reason, as in the case of Beneatha Younger. Already a natural cynic due to the condition of the world into which she was born, a world where poor blacks with aspirations of something better were generally doomed, she became embittered with life when her dream of becoming a doctor was seemingly shattered. From an outside perspective, it seems obvious that she reacted poorly: the money her brother lost, after all, was not hers at all but her mother's, and how she expected to finance college without the death of her father and the insurance check that followed is unclear. What is clear, however, is that the death of her long-held aspiration had a profound effect on her. â€Å"A dream glanced from afar brings disappointment when it collapses; a dream that dies w... ...th the mundane, everyday anxieties of life, giving little thought to what our existence means or how we can change it. There is another reason, however, that we should strive to mold our own future, no matter how futile a task it may seem. Lost causes can be winnable, if enough people care about them to make them succeed: there is always the hundredth dream.    Works Cited: Bloom, Harold. Twientieth-Century American Literature. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. Draper, James P. Black Literature Criticisms. Detroit: Gale Research Incorporated, 1992. Gunton, Sharon R. Contemporary Literary Criticisms. Detroit: Gale Research Company, 1981. Hansberry, Lorraine. A Raisin in the Sun. Literature and the Writing Process. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1996. Hansberry, Lorraine.   A Raisin in the Sun.   New York:   Signet, 1988.

Odor and Perfume

perfume COMMUNICATION AND ADVERTISING ‘CHANEL' Xing Cheng Zhao Qin Zeynep Sezer Chanel Perfume Background: What’s the different of the man and woman’s perfume Man perfume is generally vegetation type, lady perfume with floral majority And from perfume bottles can see it, man perfume scent-bottle mostly concise have edge, lady perfume bottles are mostly curve. Man perfume bottle of color with grey,black, blue, give priority to warm color Lady scent-bottle color is rich, have beige, pink, red, etc Key message: This product is a unisex perfume, so it cannot have obvious difference between man and woman. e should invite a artist to design a wonderful scent-bottle,a attractive bottle design will catch consumers’ eye . this will increase sales volume. Special features: Because to make both men and women can use, so perfume bottle cannot too feminine also cannot too hard, so two paragraphs are designed respectively scent-bottle may be better. Also we need to produ ce this unisex perfume which has unique flavor. This perfume will used by the couples who want to make their relationships strong. Another special feature is the products use an environment friendly materials which are biodegradable.There are still many problems of environmental protection in recent years. Our products with bio-degradable packaging. It is favorable to Protect the environment and can’t increase waste . Our target consumers: Our new perfume is produced for the young fashion people especially couple between 16-25 years old and who are living in english speaking countries. For our new product, we chose young generation because our product will launch in Valentine's day so we focus the young couples who wants to buy the present for each others. The other reseason of our target is: our product's lower price.We want to make the young people able to buy the product who have small budget. USP: As unique selling points, we focus on price. our unisex perfume is produced with lower price by well-known up market manufacture. Our customers choose our new product on basis of price with brand's quality. Media of Advertisement As a media advertisement using : TV commercial—-Use a storyboard to illustrate maybe invite famous star as a spokesperson to act the story. We decided to choose for our TV commercial as Robert Pattinson and Emma watson nowadays who are very famous and England stars.Because this is a unisex perfume, if use of television advertising can describe a love story illustrates this one perfume products. our main idea is reflected in this scent unisex, and romantic, aesthetic. The main storyline is a couple of strange men and women with the same fragrance, in passing, are each other on the same smell attracted, then fell in love! Because this kind of perfume is produced by a well-known up-market manufacturer,So the quality of products is believing,and it already have a lot of loyal customers.The company now wishes to enter the lower end of the market, the product’s price will be cheaper than other products of company. It is attractive to consumers, Wonderful perfume with cheap price . Radio spot—- write the script to make a radio play as a advertisement, including sound effects and music Magazine —-use famous star to take some fashion photograph and we are going to make the testers for customers in magazine. We make the people try our perfume in beauty shops and malls. Other media—- we use e-branding in facebook and the websites.We will inform the customers about our promotions and new product in Chanel's website. And also we use the billboard in street with the photograph's of our brand star. Special promotion This perfume’s key point is unisex, so special promotion is the perfume is a couple perfume, if a couple to buy lovers perfume, so that they can be presented a set of new product trial outfit. To launch the new perfume in Valentine's Day activities(make bundling perfume body lotion & shower gel) The products discount activities: buy one get 50% discount for the second one.

Life Tenure of Supreme Court Justices Free Essay Example, 1500 words

Behind them as proof of "bad" behavior, but this does not hold true where good behavior is described as "a favorable manner of conducting oneself. " If decisions unpalatable to some individuals, or even the majority, are used as a basis of impeachment by Congress, the judiciary would become politicized and subject to the whims of the majority. (See Good Behavior). the view that it is independent judges who can guard the Constitution as well as the rights of individuals. The Supreme Court upholds the Constitution and defends it against ideas that endanger the social order. If the people no longer finds the Constitution acceptable, however, they can propose to amend it through their representatives. History -Federalist Papers). Some put forth the argument that the Supreme Court is not accountable because Justices are not required to stand for election while serving during good behavior. Also, impeachment is difficult to carry out, with only one Justice in U. history having been impeac hed, and none ever been removed. Despite the claims to the contrary, it is argued the Supreme Court is actually not immune from external influence, being subject to appointment by the President and confirmation by the Senate (a political process). We will write a custom essay sample on Life Tenure of Supreme Court Justices or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

Understanding the Writing Process - 1329 Words

Writing is a different process for each writer who strives to put thoughts into words. In most beginning college English courses, budding writers are taught how to write by following a series of stages. There is a diversity among readers which presents a different viewpoint about a piece of work. This leads to a variety of different works because each written piece, whatever it may be, can be interpreted to mean whatever a reader wants it to mean. However, in order to present your views to other readers you must first learn the fundamentals of the writing process and how to incorporate it into a well-written essay. This takes time and much practice since the writing process is a very important method and unique process for each individual. The following paragraphs discuss this process and how to utilize it in order to synthesize thoughts and words into a concise and intelligent essay. In order for a writer to be able to present their views to others they must assimilate the writing process into three steps. An essay should have an introductory paragraph where a writer states their thesis, body paragraphs, and a concluding paragraph. Within each step are many factors that are involved in how a writer will express their understanding about the subject. Several of these steps are overlapping and can vary because each individual brings a different view of the situation. Before beginning the writing process, a reader should carefully read over the assignment that theirShow MoreRelatedThe Write Source 2000 : Guideline For Serious Writers755 Words   |  4 Pagesstep-by-step process of the writing process, from the basic form of writing to the more complex form of writing. In addition, it provides guidelines, samples, and strategies to aid the up and coming writer. It is not secret that students enrolled in graduate level programs must write at an advanced academic level. Nevertheless, â€Å"The Write Source 2000† provides essential information for studen ts who are engaged in advance writing. Although writing can be very tedious; understanding how to buildRead MoreMy Writing As A Student Entering My English Course919 Words   |  4 Pagesdue to the fact I knew my writing was far from perfect. Throughout the class I did see progress, but I still struggled with the writing process with my narrative draft and revision as well as my persuasive draft and revision. I used text resources available, but that still did not give me a complete understanding not at least until I used video resources as well. By looking at instructional videos provided on YouTube and other sites gave me a more visual understanding which I can say it has helpedRead MoreEditing And The Writing Process1512 Words   |  7 PagesLiterature Review In examining recent literature on the topic of â€Å"editing† in the writing process, three areas appear to be of some concern in dealing with this issue: 1) The true definition of editing and the editing process, 2) The perceived role and responsibilities of the teacher and students, and 3) Effective editing strategies that will increase student learning. In order to truly implement editing strategies that will impact the learner, the first two areas must be addressed. In the reviewRead More Acquiring Skills in a New Language Essay1510 Words   |  7 Pageslanguage is the ability to communicate messages in writing. For a teacher of English as a second language, nurturing students to develop sound writing skills is crucial to the success of the student both as a learner of the language, and their skills communication skills in reading, speaking and even listening in English. The natural ability of native speakers to communicate in a given language does not automatically indicate proficiency in their writing skills, which must be acquired. The psycholinguistRead MoreUsing Process Approach For Teaching Writing1712 Words   |  7 PagesStrength It is controversial to use process approach to teach writing in the recent years. There are many teachers support that process approach is a good teaching strategy to be used in lesson since it is beneficial to students. It helps students to get a new understanding of the writing process, comparing to the traditional writing style. First, process approach encourages comments in different stages. During writing, students are encouraged to seek comments from others. It is good to studentsRead MoreThe Importance Of Scholarly Writing1110 Words   |  5 Pagesscholarly writing. Quality scholarly writing should be written with the intent of the audience in mind, which in my case is an academic community.   There must be a clear purpose when I am creating my work and the information provided should be supported by scholarly references.   While I am writing, I must remember the reader needs to know why the topic is important. Also, my writing should reflect the use of credible sources to express the material in a scholarly format.   Quality writing is a skillRead MoreCritical Thinking Reflection1121 Words   |  5 PagesW233 helped shape my writing and critical thinking by reframing my concept of what constitutes a good piece of writing. Prior to this course, I thought that a good paper consisted of an argument supported with solid word choice and consistent organization throughout to guide the reader through each paragraph. My thoughts at this time were more focused the â€Å"what† of an argument, but I learned that in order to write a great paper—especially one that involves mediating an argument—it is equally importantRead MoreImproving The Quality Of Academic Writing997 Words   |  4 PagesThis semester of English 150 has redefined the quality of academic writing and has taught me that writing is more than just a task with a checklist, it’s a constant work in process that allows expression of belief and ideas. The purpose of this course is to better prepare students to compose essays for an array of academic purposes throughout college and into their career. Throughout the semester, students taking this course have learned to conduct research, identify acceptable sources, analyze sourcesRead MoreUnderstanding And Improving The Int / Fj Writing Habits958 Words   |  4 PagesUnderstanding and Improving the INT/fJ Writing Habits Writing is probably one thing that will be inevitable in our lives. Even after our school years, knowing how to write will be essential in a lot of the careers that we end up pursuing in. Let’s be honest, when we are assigned to write a paper or an essay we either; one, completely â€Å"BS† it or two, don’t even complete the assignment because it is something that we struggle greatly in. Instead of trying to get around it, learn to master the skillRead MoreComparative Essay1073 Words   |  5 PagesGRADE 12 UNIVERSITY ENGLISH Unit 2: Comparative Essay Writing Summative Task Task: Select a particular idea or theme and/or an aspect of form and style and analyse the way it or they is/are depicted in Archibald Lampman’s poem, â€Å"In November† and one other poem. You may use: William Wordsworth’s â€Å"The World is too much With Us†, Robert Frost’s â€Å"Dust of Snow† E.J Pratt’s A November Landscape Mary Soutar-Hynes – â€Å"For Writers Whose Work I Have Loved† In completing

Essay on Their Eyes Were Watching God - 1011 Words

Janies entire life is one of a journey. She lives through a grandmother, three husbands, and innumerable friends. Throughout is all, she grows closer and closer to her ideals about love and how to live ones life. Zora Neale Hurston chooses to define Janie not by what is wrong in her life, but by what is good in it. Janie changes a lot from the beginning to the end of Their Eyes Were Watching God, but the imagery in her life always conjures positive ideas in the mind of the reader. Janies life begins under the watchful eye of her grandmother. Her grandmother has given up her own happiness to raise Janie and her mother. Right away, it is obvious that Janies life is going to be different than her grandmothers. For starters, Janie has†¦show more content†¦As a result, she is frightened by Janies refusal to follow the mold, her refusal to marry for convenience instead of love. Janies grandmother describes herself as quot;a cracked platequot; [19], showing that not even she has confidence in her own ability to be strong and weather adversity. Janie learns a very important lesson from her grandmother. Not a lesson to emulate, but one to avoid. She does not want to be a cracked plate, she is tall and blossoming and can see what she wants in her life. She does not get what she wants with Logan Killicks, her first husband. Janie married Logan because her grandmother wanted her to. Her grandmother could not understand why she did not love him, as he had sixty acres of land. Janie did not love him, and describes him as quot;. . . some ole skullhead in de grave yardquot; [13] and his house as quot;a lonesome place like a stump in the middle of the woods . . . absent of flavorquot; [20]. Janies eyes are still full of pollen dust, and she cannot get her perfect vision of love out of her mind. Logan makes her do menial chores around the house, and treats her like a beast of burden. She prays for the day when she will be delivered from the life of tedium that she lives. She thinks that her prayers are answered when she first sees Joe Starks. In fact, she first sees him through a veil of her hair, and it is her long, luxurious hair that he is first attracted to. She thinks that he is quot;aShow MoreRelatedTheir Eyes Were Watching God1064 Words   |  5 Pagessignificant than death. In Zora Neale Hurston’s famous novel, Their Eyes Were Watching God, the main character Janie Crawford is plagued by the deaths of loved ones. Janie moves from caregiver to caregiver searching for true love and happiness, only to have it stripped away from her once she finds it in her third husband Tea Cake. At the end of the novel, having realized true love and loss, Janie is a whole woman. Their Eyes Were Watching God portrays the growth of the human spirit through both the emotionalRead MoreTheir Eyes Were Watching God1780 Words   |  8 Pagesshort story â€Å"Sweat† and novel Their Eyes Were Watching God, the focus is on women who want better lives but face difficult struggles before gaining them. The difficulties involving men which Janie and Delia incur result from or are exacerbated by the intersection of their class, race, and gender, which restrict each woman for a large part of her life from gaining her independence. Throughout a fair part of Zora Neal Hurston’s novel, Their Eyes Were Watching God, Janie’s low class create problemsRead MoreTheir Eyes Were Watching God932 Words   |  4 PagesJanie Crawford: The Woman Whose Clothing Conveys Her Relationships In Zora Neale Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God, the protagonist, Janie, endures two marriages before finding true love. In each of Janie’s marriages, a particular article of clothing is used to symbolically reflect, not only her attitude at different phases in her life, but how she is treated in each relationship. In Janie’s first marriage with Logan Killicks, an apron is used to symbolize the obligation in her marriage. â€Å"Read MoreAnalysis Of Their Eyes Were Watching God 1061 Words   |  5 PagesDivision: Janie Crawford in Their Eyes Were Watching God Their Eyes Were Watching God was written in 1937 by Zora Neale Hurston. This story follows a young girl by the name of Janie Crawford. Janie Crawford lived with her grandmother in Eatonville, Florida. Janie was 16 Years old when her grandmother caught her kissing a boy out in the yard. After seeing this her grandmother told her she was old enough to get married, and tells her she has found her a husband by the name of Logan. Logan was a muchRead More Eyes Were Watching God Essay711 Words   |  3 Pages Their Eyes Were Watching God provides an enlightening look at the journey of a quot;complete, complex, undiminished human beingquot;, Janie Crawford. Her story, based on self-exploration, self-empowerment, and self-liberation, details her loss and attainment of her innocence and freedom as she constantly learns and grows from her experiences with gender issues, racism, and life. The story centers around an important theme; that personal discoveries and life experiences help a person findRead More Their Eyes Were Watching God Essay1757 Words   |  8 Pages Their Eyes Were Watching God Book Report 1. Title: Their Eyes Were Watching God 2. Author/Date Written: Zora Neale Hurston/1937 3. Country of Author: 4. Characters Janie Mae Crawford- The book’s main character. She is a very strong willed, independent person. She is able to defy a low class, unhappy life because of these factors, even though the environment that she grew up and lived in was never on her side. Pheoby Watson – Janie’s best friend in Eatonville. Pheoby is the only towns person whoRead MoreWhose eyes were watching God?1400 Words   |  6 PagesWhose eyes were watching God? In the movie Their Eyes Were Watching God, Oprah Winfrey manipulates events that happened in the book by Zora Neale Hurston. Oprah morphs many relationships in the movie Their Eyes Were Watching God. She changes the role of gender, and also makes changes in Janie’s character strength. Oprah also changes the symbolism in the movie to where some important symbols in the book change to less important roles. Oprah changes many important events in the book Their Eyes WereRead MoreTheir Eyes Were Watching God Essay724 Words   |  3 PagesTHEIR EYES WERE WATCHING GOD ESSAY  ¬Ã‚ ¬ Janie Crawford is surrounded by outward influences that contradict her independence and personal development. These outward influences from society, her grandma, and even significant others contribute to her curiosity. Tension builds between outward conformity and inward questioning, allowing Zora Neal Hurston to illustrate the challenge of choice and accountability that Janie faces throughout the novel. Janie’s Grandma plays an important outward influenceRead MoreEssay on Their Eyes Were Watching God921 Words   |  4 PagesTheir Eyes Were Watching God An Analysis So many people in modern society have lost their voices. Laryngitis is not the cause of this sad situation-- they silence themselves, and have been doing so for decades. For many, not having a voice is acceptable socially and internally, because it frees them from the responsibility of having to maintain opinions. For Janie Crawford, it was not: she finds her voice among those lost within the pages of Zora Neale Hurston’s famed novel, Their Eyes Were WatchingRead MoreTheir Eyes Were Watching God By Zora Hurston Essay1233 Words   |  5 PagesHurston In the novel â€Å"Their Eyes Were Watching God† by Zora Neal Hurston is about a young woman named Janie Crawford who goes on a journey of self discovery to find her independence. The book touches on many themes like gender roles, relations, independence and racism however racism isn’t mainly focused upon in the book which some writers felt should have been. Some felt that the representation of black characters should have been better role models. Zora Hurston’s novel wasn’t like other black literature

Unemployment Scenario in Australia

Question: Discuss the unemployment rate, types, issues, and government policy of Australia and comment unemployment in various states of Australia. You need to specify in different region like NSW, WA, Tasmania, Qld or SA. Answer: Introduction The unemployment problem is a major issue of all developing and developed nations. Due to the unemployment, the well-being of the people is affected negatively. Unemployment refers to joblessness. As the people are jobless, they have less money to buy goods and services. The unemployment takes place when the demand for workers is less than the number of workers available in the market (Pigou 2013). If this feature `persists for a long period, then it becomes the concern of the policy makers of the economy. They aim at reducing the rate of joblessness. The higher rate of unemployment is a major issue, because it often leads to social unrest. In an economy, there remains some kind of unemployment rate even in the state of full employment. This is known as natural rate of unemployment (Shimer 2012). Therefore, there is no concern about the natural rate of unemployment. Unemployment rate beyond this level becomes the concern for the economy. Several types of unemployment exist. The unemp loyment generates from several factors. Sometimes the unemployment is short run in nature and sometimes the unemployment is long term (Woodbury and Davidson 2012). Different country faces different types of unemployment and the factors affecting the unemployment scenario are different in the respective countries. Based on the nature of unemployment, the governments of the countries act accordingly. This paper will discuss the unemployment rate in Australia. It will identify the types of unemployment and issues related to the unemployment in this country. The paper will focus on unemployment scenario of various states in Australia, such as, Western Australia; New South Wales; Tasmania; Queensland and South Australia. Moreover, the government policies of this country in order to manage the unemployment issues will be discussed. Unemployment Theory The term unemployed refers to those people who are willing and able to work at prevailing wage rate but unable to find a job for a considerable period. The labor force constituted by number of employed and number of unemployed people. The labor force does not incorporate those people who are not willing work at the existing wage rate and remain jobless (Schenk 2013). Only the involuntarily unemployed people are considered. The rate of unemployment is calculated by the following way: Unemployment Rate= (Number of involuntarily unemployed Labor Force) 100 There are generally three types of unemployment, such as, structural unemployment; cyclical unemployment and frictional unemployment. The frictional unemployment takes place when the workers search for new jobs or shift from one job o another. This kind of unemployment always exists in an economy to some extent. It takes time for the workers to search a job they like or to change their existing job (Wagner 2014). Moreover, after completion of education, fresh labors enter the market to find a job. As a result of this, for the time-being this type of unemployment takes place in an economy. The cyclical unemployment takes place when the unemployment rate changes according to the change in the business cycle of the economy (Argy and Nevile 2016). When there is lack of demand, the economy enters into the recessionary phase. During this time, many jobs are lost and unemployment rate increases. Similarly, when the economy starts to recover, new demand is generated and the firms require mor e labors to increase its production (Diamond 2013). As a result of this people get hired and unemployment rate declines. The structural unemployment takes place due to lack of demand for certain types of workers. The reason behind this is that there is mismatch between the skills of the workers and the skill requirement of the employers. This skill gap arises generally due to the change in technology of production. Advance technology reduces the requirement of unskilled labor and demands for the new types of labors who are skilled. Moreover, the jobs may be off-shored because of the availability of cheap labor overseas. Therefore, unemployment takes place as the structure of the economy changes and as the skills become obsolete (Kahn 2015). The frictional unemployment is not of much concern for the economy and it is short term in nature. There is no such measure to reduce this kind of unemployment; however, it must be ensured that the transition period is not so long. The tenure of the cyclical unemployment depends on the intensity of the business activity. If the recession is deep then the cyclical unemployment will persist for a long period (Enderwick, Manzetti, Mavrotas, Shorrocks and Motamen-Samadian 2015). So, the policy makers should focus on improving the economic activities in order to generate demand. By improving the economic activity, cyclical unemployment can be reduced. The unemployment that is structural in nature is the most severe. This kind of unemployment is long term and can only be reduced by bridging the skill gaps (Carrre, Grujovic and Robert-Nicoud 2015). Changing the skills acquired by the labor by giving them proper training will lead to improve the situation of the economy. The recovery process also takes considerable time. Hence, structural unemployment is the major concern of an economy and the policy makers. Unemployment Rate in Australia In this paper, a particular period has been considered for the analysis of unemployment in Australia. From 2000 to 2016, the data has been collected to support the discussion. The unemployment rate has been taken for the month of March each year. In the following table, the overall unemployment rate of this country has been represented. Table 1: Overall Unemployment Rate YEAR Unemployment Rate 2000 6.9 2001 6.8 2002 6.7 2003 6.4 2004 5.7 2005 5.4 2006 5.1 2007 4.7 2008 4.3 2009 6.0 2010 5.7 2011 5.2 2012 5.5 2013 6.0 2014 6.2 2015 6.5 2016 6.0 In the following figure, the changes in the rates of unemployment have been represented graphically. In 2000, the unemployment rate was quite high, however, in the following period the rate has fallen continuously. In 2008, it has reached its lowest level. Nevertheless, during the period of financial crisis, the rates again have started to rise. In the following period, the rates fluctuated and again it has increased to 6% and even more since 2013 until now (Abs.gov.au, 2016). However, the unemployment rate has not reached the high level of early 2000s. The overall unemployment rate in this economy has shown a downward sloping trend, which signifies that the rate of unemployment in this country has fallen over time. Figure 1: Overall Unemployment Rate in Australia The paper will now analyze the unemployment rate in some of the states of this nation. Unemployment rates of New South Wales (NSW); Queensland; South Australia; Western Australia and Tasmania has been considered for the analysis. It will be verified whether the unemployment trends of these states are similar to that of the overall unemployment rate of this country. In the following table, the unemployment data of New South Wales has been provided. Table 2: Unemployment Rate in New South Wales YEAR Unemployment Rate (NSW) 2000 6.0 2001 5.7 2002 6.4 2003 6.0 2004 5.5 2005 5.8 2006 5.1 2007 5.1 2008 4.5 2009 6.9 2010 5.7 2011 5.3 2012 4.9 2013 5.8 2014 5.5 2015 6.2 2016 5.4 The following figure represents the changes in unemployment rates of the New South Wales. In the initial period, the unemployment rate of this state fluctuated around a high level. Since 2006, the rate started to decline. During 2008, the unemployment rate was lowest; however, in the period of global financial crisis, this rate has drastically increased. In the following periods, the rate has decreased but kept on fluctuating around a high level. The unemployment trend is downward sloping but it is flatter and almost horizontal. It indicates that the rate has fallen but only by a smaller amount. The unemployment rate remained stagnant at higher level. Figure 2: Changes in Unemployment Rate of New South Wales In the following table, the unemployment data of Queensland has been provided. Table 3: Unemployment Rate in Queensland YEAR Unemployment Rate (QSL) 2000 8.4 2001 8.9 2002 8.2 2003 8.2 2004 6.7 2005 4.9 2006 5.3 2007 4.4 2008 4.1 2009 5.4 2010 6.1 2011 6.1 2012 6.1 2013 6.5 2014 6.7 2015 7.2 2016 6.7 The in the early 2000s the Queensland experienced significant level of unemployment. The rate has declined and become lowest in the 2008. However, in Queensland, the unemployment rate has persistently shown a rise. At present, the rate is much higher in this state. Though the trend of this state is downward sloping, indicating fall in the rate of unemployment; the values of the rate of unemployment is still higher. Figure 3: Changes in Unemployment Rate of Queensland In the following table, the unemployment data of South Australia has been provided. Table 4: Unemployment Rate in South Australia YEAR Unemployment Rate (SA) 2000 7.9 2001 7.1 2002 7.1 2003 6.1 2004 5.7 2005 5.5 2006 5.2 2007 5.2 2008 4.7 2009 6.2 2010 5.8 2011 5.7 2012 5.5 2013 6.2 2014 7.5 2015 6.6 2016 7.3 In South Australia, rate of unemployment was higher in the early 2000s. However, it has significantly fallen until 2008. Due to the global financial crisis, the unemployment rate has again risen and kept on fluctuating. At present, the unemployment rate is quite high in this state. The trend line of this indicator is almost horizontal, indicating consistency in the rate of unemployment in this region. Figure 4: Changes in Unemployment Rate of South Australia In the following table, the unemployment data of Western Australia has been provided. Table 5: Unemployment Rate in Western Australia YEAR Unemployment Rate (WA) 2000 6.6 2001 7.4 2002 6.0 2003 5.9 2004 5.6 2005 5.1 2006 4.2 2007 2.9 2008 3.4 2009 5.3 2010 5.5 2011 4.7 2012 4.4 2013 5.3 2014 5.4 2015 6.0 2016 5.9 In Western Australia, the rate of unemployment was not so higher in the early 2000s, like any other states. The rate was higher than 7% only in the 2001. From 2006 to 2008, it has experienced low rate of unemployment. Like the other states, this state also faced rise in the rate of unemployment during the period of global economic crisis. The current rate of unemployment is also fluctuating. The unemployment rate of this state has shown a downward sloping trend, which indicates that this indicator has fallen over time, even if the slope is quite flatter. Figure 5: Changes in Unemployment Rate of Western Australia In the following table, the unemployment data of Tasmania has been provided. Table 6: Unemployment Rate in Tasmania YEAR Unemployment Rate (TSM) 2000 8.4 2001 8.5 2002 8.4 2003 9.3 2004 6.5 2005 6.1 2006 6.8 2007 5.4 2008 4.9 2009 4.4 2010 5.6 2011 5.5 2012 6.9 2013 7.3 2014 7.6 2015 6.6 2016 6.7 In Tasmania, the unemployment rate of the initial period is significantly higher with the highest rate during 2003. The rate has started to decline until 2008 and 2009. It is interesting to note that, during the global crisis the unemployment rate was not so high unlike the other states. However, the unemployment started to grow again during the phases of recovery. The current rate of unemployment is more than 6%. However, during the period of study the unemployment rate has shown a fallen trend in Tasmania. Figure 6: Changes in Unemployment Rate of Tasmania Types and Issues of Unemployment in Australia From the above section, it can be observed that the New South Wales; Queensland and Tasmania have contributed significantly to the overall unemployment of the nation. The type of unemployment in New South Wales can be defined as structural in nature. This is because; due to boom in the mining sector, the skill requirement has been changed. Even if there is supply of labor but due to the skill gap, unskilled labors remained unemployed (Wade 2014). This factor has contributed to the unemployment of the New South Wales. Since the unemployment rate in this state is long-term in nature, the scenario of this state is considered to be severe. This is because; persistent level of unemployment leads to social unrest. The recruitment process in this state is also difficult. The growth of service in this region is also contributed to the falling trend in unemployment. The labor market of this state is mostly engaged in the part-time employment. Therefore, the Figure 2 has shown a declining trend in the unemployment rate of New South Wales. The nature of unemployment in Queensland is mostly structural and partly frictional in nature. The youth unemployment rate is the major contributor to the growing unemployment of this state (Qgso.qld.gov.au 2016). The youth unemployment is growing because there is a mismatch between the skill requirement of the new job position created in the region and the skills of the fresh entrants in the labor market of this state (Remeikis 2015). Hence, due to structural change in the economy the youths are not getting job in this region. Moreover, as youths are entering the job market, some kind of unemployment takes place that is frictional in nature. However, the unemployment rate has shown declining trend in Queensland, as can be seen from Figure 3. In South Australia, the industries have started to shut down, due to the economical change in this region. Moreover, the existing industries are also unable to absorb the labor, mostly because of their inefficiencies. However, in this region, the flourishing sectors are textile; agriculture and automotive industries, those cannot diversify their production in order to reduce the rate of unemployment. Many industries of South Australia have shifted overseas, as tax incentives are more attracting to the entrepreneurs (Scutt 2016). Local workers remained unemployed. Therefore, the nature of unemployment in this region is structural in nature. The unemployment rate of this region is also a consequence of recession. Hence, it is also cyclical in nature. The transition from full time workers to part time worker, does not affected this region. Hence, there is no significant fall in the rate of unemployment. The unemployment rate in Western Australia is comparatively lower than the other states. This is because; this region has been growing since late 2000s. The mining boom has contributed to the growth of this region. However, due to the same reason, mismatch of skills takes place. The resource project requires highly skilled labors, but the work force is inefficient to provide such kind of labors (Janda 2015). Hence, the skill shortage is the major unemployment issue of this region. So this kind of unemployment is structural in nature. Moreover, in Western Australia, the participation rate in the labor force is also increasing. Therefore, the unemployment rate is also increasing. This kind of unemployment is frictional in nature. The unemployment rate in the region of Tasmania is a major contributor of the overall unemployment in Australia. There are several contributors to the long-term unemployment in this region. The low levels of education; non-metropolitan culture of the region contributed to the higher unemployment rate of this region. Moreover, the dominant social coalitions are creating major hindrance to the developing proposal of the region. In addition to this the industry of this region are traditional and uncompetitive in nature (Crikey.com.au. 2013). This has resulted into lower growth of this nation and generating high rate of unemployment. Moreover, financial support from the mainland provides them less incentive to change or grow. The sluggish tourism sector and hospitality industry are unable to absorb the labor. In addition to this, the fate of the forest product industry causes the fall in the growth of this region, which in turn created lack of demand for labor (ABC News 2014). The declin e in this industry also laid-off workers that have created high unemployment in the region. The unemployment of this region is structural in nature. This region has also remained unaffected by the cyclical downturn of the economy due to global crisis. This region is less opened to the international market and the unemployment rate was not affected at the time of global recession of 2008-2009. Hence, it can be said that the unemployment is not cyclical in nature in Tasmania. Figure 7: State-Wise Unemployment Rate in Australia The above diagram represents the change in unemployment in the different region of Australia. It can be said that, Western Australia is in a better situation in terms of unemployment, followed by New South Wales; Queensland. Tasmania and the South Australia are the worst performer in terms of employment. Government Role The government has Australia has been taking significant measure in order to improve the unemployment scenario of the nation. The government can reduce the unemployment by increasing the aggregate demand. Unemployment can be reduced by pursuing expansionary fiscal policy. Through fiscal policy, the demand will be increased and the requirement of labor for production will go up (Rendahl 2014). As there will be a tax cut, the businesses or firms will be able to hire more workers as their cost of production has reduced. However, as unemployment of this country is mostly generated because of the skill gap, the government emphasizes on developing skills of the labor force by offering proper training to the fresh entrants or the existing labors. Since, technological changes have taken place, the government also trying to create awareness regarding choosing tertiary training. Moreover, in order to reduce the rate of unemployment, creation of job position in the existing public sector can re duce the higher rate of unemployment in this nation. Conclusion The paper has discussed the unemployment scenario in Australia. It has taken unemployment data from 2000 to 2015 and analyzed the trend. The analysis is made on the overall trend of the unemployment rate of this country. In addition to this the paper has analyzed the unemployment trend of New South Wales; Queensland; South Australia; Western Australia and Tasmania respectively. It has been found that the overall unemployment rate in Australia and in respective states have fallen over time. Some states have performed well and situation of some states are of major concern. The nature of unemployment of each state has been identified. It has been found that in most of the states the structural change in the economy is the major factor behind the high unemployment rate. Due to proper government policy and rise in participation rate, this trend has fallen over times. References ABC News. (2014). Jobs and unemployment: What's the real story in Tasmania?. Abs.gov.au. (2016). 6202.0 - Labour Force, Australia, Apr 2016. Abs.gov.au. (2016). 6202.0 - Labour Force, Australia, Apr 2016. Carrre, C., Grujovic, A. and Robert-Nicoud, F., 2015. Trade and frictional unemployment in the global economy. Diamond, P., 2013. Cyclical unemployment, structural unemployment.IMF Economic Review,61(3), pp.410-455. Enderwick, P., Manzetti, L., Mavrotas, G., Shorrocks, A. and Motamen-Samadian, S., 2015. Employment and Unemployment.Booms and Busts: An Encyclopedia of Economic History from the First Stock Market Crash of 1792 to the Current Global Economic Crisis, p.230. Janda, M. (2015). Unemployment surges to 12-year high of 6.4 per cent; 12,200 jobs shed.